The course introduces the fundamentals of medical imaging, covering microscopy, X-rays, CT, PET, nuclear medicine, ultrasound, and MRI. It provides students with a broad overview of the physical principles and practical applications of these modalities. In addition, the course offers a comprehensive introduction to computer-aided image analysis, including image properties, segmentation, filtering and denoising, object detection, and quantitative measurements. The theoretical concepts are complemented by hands-on exercises, in which the discussed algorithms are applied to real image data using the open-source software package Fiji/ImageJ.